Geology

Examination Syllabus - Subject : Geology

1. Part-I General Geology :
Solar System. The Earth : its origin, age and internal constitution.
Volcanoes-types, distribution geological effects and products.
Earthquakes-intensity, magnitude, distribution, causes and effects.
Elementary ideas about isostasy, geosynclines, mountain building,
continental drift, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics.

2. Geomorphology :
Basic concepts. External and internal processes. Rock weathering.
Cycle of erosion. Fluvial landforms and drainage patterns. Landforms of
aeolian, marine, glacial and 'Karst' landscapes. Elements of Remote Sensing.

3. Structural and field Geology :
Primary and secondary structures. Dip and strike of beds. Unconformities.
Study of folds, joints, faults, foliation and lineations. Overthrusts and
nappe structures. Stages of rock deformation. Construction of block diagrams.
Stereographic and equal-area nets. Solutions of simple problems by stereographic
net.

4. Topographic maps and their interpretation. Use of clinometer compass in
the field Measurements of bed, foliation, folds joints, faults and lineations
in the field. Principles of geological mapping. Effects of topography on
outcrops. Drawing of sections.

1. Part-II Crystallography :

Elements of crystal structure. Laws of crystallography, Symmetry elements
of normal classes of seven crystal systems. Properties and interaction of
light and crystalline matter. Petrological microscope and accessories.
Construction and use of Nicole prism. Pleochroism, double refraction,
extinction angle, birefringence and twinning in crystals, Isotropic,
uniaxial and biaxial minerals.

2. Mineralogy : Physical, chemical and optical properties of the following
common rock forming minerals: quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene, amphibole,
olivine, garnet, chlorite, carbonates, aluminosilicates. Structure of
silicates and crystal chemistry of minerals. Gemstones.

3. Economic Geology :Ore, ore mineral and gangue. Classification of ore
deposits. Important processes of their formation. Occurrence, origin and
distribution in India of the ores of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold,
lead, zinc, iron, manganese and radioactive elements. Deposits of
minerals use as abrasives, refractories and in ceramics, deposits of coal
and petroleum. Elements of prospecting for mineral deposits.

1. Part-III Igneous Petrology :

Origin of magma and formation of igneous rocks. Bowen's reaction principle.
Crystallisation of binary systems. Classification of igneous rocks. Textures
and structures of igneous rocks. Composition, origin and mode of occurrence
of granite, syenite, diorite, mafic and ultramafic groups, anorthosites
and alkaline rocks.

2. Sedimentary Petrology :
Sedimentary process and products. Classification of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary structures. Residual deposits - their mode of formation,
chacteristics and types, Clastic deposits- their classification, mineral
composition and texture. Elementary ideas about the origin and
characteristics of quartz arenites, arkoses and graywackes. Siliceous
and calcareous deposits of chemical and organic origin.
3. Metamorphic Petrology :
Types and factors of metamorphism. Zones, grades and facies of metamorphism.
Regional and contact metamorphism. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous, calcareous and basic rocks. Metasomatism.

1. Part-IV Paleontology :

Habits and habitats of animals. Fossils and fossilization. Modes of preservation.
Application of fossils, Study of morphology and geological history of
Foraminiferida, Brachipoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Trilobita,
Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Mammals of Siwalik Group. A brief study of Gondwana flora.

2. Stratigraphy and Geology of India :
Fundamental laws of stratigraphy. Stratigraphic classification
lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic. Geological
time scale. Physiographic divisions and outline of stratigraphy of
India. Brief study of Dharwar, Vindhyan and Gondwana Supergroups
and Siwalik Group with reference to their major subdivisions,
lithology, fossils, areal distribution and economic importance.


Main Examination Syllabus - Subject : Geology

Paper-1

Section-A

1. General Geology
The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth.
Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products,
volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts,
seismicity of India, intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs.
Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Continental
drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics.
Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.

2. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing
Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting.
Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation.
Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications
of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,. hydrology
and environmental studies. Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.

Aerial photographs and their interpretation-mertis and limitations.
The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems.
Indian Remote Sensing Sataellites. Satellites data products. Applications
of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its
applications. Global Positioning System.

3. Structural geology
Priniples of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams,
stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic,
plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks.
Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds
and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds,
foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed
deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation.
Introduction to petrofabrics.

Section-B

4. Paleontology
Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils.
Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils.
Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration,
paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological
history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda,
Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita
and Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and
Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.

5. Stratigraphy and Geology of India
Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic,
biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic
and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification
of Precambrian rocks of India. Study of stratigraphic distribution
and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna,
flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian,
Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene.
Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity
in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic
framework of India. Evolution of the Himalayas.

6. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology
Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement
of subsruface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification
of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater
chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin
morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge.
Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting.
Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for
dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material.
Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and
rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.

Paper-II

Section-A

1. Mineralogy
Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry.
International system of crystallographic notation. Use of
projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects.
Elements of X-ray crystallography.

Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of
common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle,
double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.

Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral
groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of
igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate,
sulphide and halide groups.

2. Igneous ad Metamorphic Petrology
Generation and crystallisation of magma. Crystallisation of
albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite
-silica systems. Reaction principle., Magmatic differentation
and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures
and structrues of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis
of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups,
charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites.
Deccan volcanic province.

Types and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grdes and zones.
Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and
AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks.
Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks.
Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and
granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.

3. Sedimentology
Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. diagenesis and
lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic
rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment.
Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their
significance. Heavy minerals and their significance. Sedminetary
basins of India.

Section-B

4. Economic Geology
Ore, ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore
deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of
ore localisation. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs
and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium,
chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium,
uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal
and petroleum in India. National Mineral Policy. Conservation
and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources
and Law of Sea.

5. Mining Geology
Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and
geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or
ore. Mehtods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial
minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and
ore dressing.

6. Geochemistry and Environmental Geology
Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites.
Structure and compostion of earth and distribution of elements. Trace
elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds,
coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary
thermodynamics.

Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes
and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of
urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste
disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash.
Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment
protection-legislative measures in India.