Introduction

Introduction




Chemistry is the branch of science in which we study properties,composition and structure of materials in the world around us.

Branches of Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry
This mainly deals with the study of all of elements and the properties, preparation and application of their compounds.

Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry deals with the study of aspects of carbon and its compounds.

Physical Chemistry
The theorectical and mathematical aspects of chemical reactions are dealt with in the study of Physical Chemistry.

BioChemistry
The branch of chemistry involves the study of chemical changes and reactions occuring with in the living systems and in the life processess.

Analytical Chemistry.
The study of constituents and their identification in chemical substances is studied in Analytical Chemistry.

Importance of Chemistry

Penicillin - The first antibiotic.

Insulin - The first Hormon therapy.

Ether - The making of Modern Surgery.
Ether was the first compound used as the anesthetic.

Aspirin - More than a head ache pill.
Aspirin is the first pill used as the analgesic, and is called wonder drug.

L-Dopa - It is a wonder drug for people with Parkinson's disease.

Taxol- Taxol is a potent anti cancer natural product with activity aganist a number of leukeamias and solid tumours in the breast,ovary,brain and lungs in human.

Roger Federer and his 15 grand Slams.

Roger Federer and his 15 grand Slams.



First Title: Becomes first Swiss man to win a grand slam title after beating Mark Philippossis in the Wimbledon final.

Second Title: Wins Australian Open by defeating unseeded Russian Marat Safin.

Third Title : Retains Wimbleton title by taming big-serving American second seed Andy Roddick.

Fourth Title : Wins US Open final by thumping Australian fourth seed Lleyton Hewitt.

Fifth Title : Completes a hatrick of Wimbleton triumphs with a 6-2,7-6,6-4 over second seed Andy Roddick.

Sixth Title: Defends US Open title with a victory over sentimental American favourite Andre Agassi.
Seventh Title : Defeats unseeded Cypriot Marcos Babhdatis in Autralian Open.
Eighth Title : Keeps up winning streak at Wimbleton by thwarting Rafael Nadal in showpiece match.

Ninth Title : Downs Roddick to clinch US Open crown.

Tenth Title : Wins Australian Open with a masterclass over Chilean 10th seed Fernando Gonzalez.

Eleventh Title : Becomes only the sencond man in professional tennis,after Bjorn Borg,to win five in row at Wimbleton with a success over Nadal.

12th Title : Beats Serbia's Novak Djokovic to capture US Open.

13th Title : Demolishes Britain's Andy Murrey to win fifth consecutive title at US Open.

14th Title : Emulates Pete Sampras by winning a record-equalling 14th grandslam title after beating Sweden's Robin Soldering at Roland Garros,his first French Open success.

15th Title : Roger Federer won a record 15th grandslam title when he defeated Andy Roddick to a win a sixth Wimbleton crown.His sixth Wimbleton title saw Federer move back to the No 1 spot ahead of Nadal for the first time since August 2008 when the Spaniard eased past him.It was also a record 20th Grand Slam final for man who had held the No.1 ranking for 237 consecutive 237 weeks.It was Federers's 3rd title of the year,and his 60th overall.

Malayalam

Civil Service Main Examination - Malayalam

Paper-I (Answers must be written in Malayalam.)

Section-A

1. Early phase of Malayalam Language
* Various theories: origin from proto Dravidian, Tamil, Sanskrit.
* Relation between Tamil and Malyalam: Six nayas of A.R. Rajarajavarma.
* Pattu school-definition, Ramacharitam, later pattu works-Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
2. Linguistic features of
* Manipravalam-definition. Language of early manipravala works-Champu, Sandesakavya, Chandrotsava, minor works. Later Manipravala works-medieval Champu and Attakkatha.
* Folklore-Southern and Northern ballads, Mappila songs.
* Early Malayalam prose-Bhashakautaliyam, Brahmandapuranam, Attaprakaram, Kramadipika and Nambiantamil.
3. Satandardisation of Malayalam
* Peculairities of the language of Pana, Kilippattu and Tullai.
* Contributions of indigenous and European missionaries to Malayalam.
* Characteristics of contemporary Malayalam : Malayalam as administravie language. Language of scientific and technical literature-media language.

Section-B (Literary History)

4. Ancient and Medieval Literature:
* Pattu-Ramacharitam, Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
* Manipravalam-early and medieval manipravala works including attakkatha and champu.
* Folk literature.
* Kilippattu, Tullal and Mahakavya.
5. Modern Literature-Poerty
* Venmani poets and contemporaries.
* The advent of Romanticism-Poerty of Kavitraya i.e., Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol
* Poetry after Kavitraya.
* Modernism in Malayalam poetry.
6. Modern Literature-Prose
* Drama
* Novel
* Short story
* Biography, travelogue, essay and criticism.

Paper-II(Answers must be written in Malayalam.)

This paper will requre first hand reading of the texts prescribed and is designed to test the candidate's critical ability.

Section-A

Unit 1

1. Ramacharitam-Patalam 1.
2. Kannassaramayanam-Balakandam first 25 stanzas.
3. Unnunilisandesam-Purvabhagam 25 slokas including Prastavana
4. Mahabharatham Kilippattu-Bhishmaparvam.,

Unit 2

1. Kumaran Asan-Chintavisthayaya Sita.
2. Vailoppilli-Kutiyozhikkal.
3. G. Sankara Kurup-Perunthachan.
4. N.V. Krishna Variar-Tivandiyile Pattu.

Unit 3

1. ONV -Bhumikkoru Charamagitam
2. Ayyappa Panicker-Kurukshetram.
3. Akkittam-Pandathe Messanthi
4. Attur Ravivarma-Megharupan.

Section-B

Unit 4

1. O. Chanthu Menon-Indulekha
2. Thakazhy-Chemmin.
3. O V Vijayan-Khasakkinte Ithihasam.

Unit 5

1. MT Vasudevan Nair-Vanaprastham (Collection).
2. N S Madhavan-Higvitta (Collection).
3. C J. Thomas-1128-il Crime 27.

Unit 6

1. Kuttikrishna Marar-Bharataparyatanam
2. M. K Sanu-Nakshatrangalute Snehabhajanam
3. V.T. Bhattathirippad-Kannirum Kinavum.

Civil Service Exam 2010

Civil Service Preliminary Exam 2010





Date of Notification :16 Dec 2009
Last Date for application submission : 15 Jan 2010
Date of Exam : 20 May 2010 1 Day(Sunday)
Eligibility : A degree from a recognized university or equivalent
21-30 years as on 1.8.2010
Candidates appearing at the degree examination also eligible to compete subject to certain conditions.

Civil Service Mains Exam 2010

Date of Exam : 26 Oct 2010 (21 Days )
Eligibility :
A degree from a recognised university or equivalent.
21-30 years as on 1.8.2010
Only such of the candidates as are declared qualified on the results of Preliminary Examination 2010 are eligible to take the Main Examination.

Physical Quantities,Standards and Units

Physical Quantities,Standards and Units



Law of physics are expressed in terms of physical quantities such as time, force etc.Physical quanties are often divided into fundamental and derived quantities.Derived quantities are those whose definitions are based on other physical quantities,eg speed,area etc.Fundamental quantities are not defined in terms of other quantities,eg.length,mass and time.

Physical quantities in general be divided into two classes:
1.Scalar Quantities
A scalar quantity is one which has only magnitude.
eg:mass,length,time,volume etc.

2.Vector Quatities
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
eg:velocity,momentum,force etc.

In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures recommended that a metric system of measurements called the International System of Units,abbreviated as SI units,be used.

Unit of Length
The SI unit of lenght of metre(m).

Various other metric units used for measuring lenghs are related to the metre by either multiples or submultiples of 10.

1 kilometre (km) = 10^3 m.
1 centimetre(cm) = 10^-2m.
1 millimetre(mm) = 10^-3m.
1 micrometer = 10^-6 m.
1 nanometre (nm) = 10^-9 m.
1 angstroms (A^0)= 10^-10m.
1 femtometre (fm)= 10^-15m.

1 lightyear = 9.46 * 10^15 m.

Unit of Mass
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram(kg).

1 tonne(t) = 10^3 kg.
1 gram(g) = 10^-3 kg.
1 milligram = 10^-6 kg.

Unit of Time.

The SI unit of time is the second(s).

Introduction

The term geography has evolved from Greek word 'geo'(the earth) and 'graphein'(to write).The geography is the study of the earth,as a home for mankind.According to a more comprehensive definition "Geography is the study of man,his environment and the interaction between the two". The term environment is used to here in its comprehensive sense to refer to both physical and cultural environment.

Scope and subject matter of geography is very vast and complex in nature.Traditionally there have been two approaches to study of this discipline - the regional approach and the systematic approach.The regional approach is based on the concept of 'unique' and it implies that no two places or areas are alike.According to this approach geography should be considered with identifying differences between areas and the nature of study should be descriptive.The systematic approach on the other hand is based on the concept of 'universality' and it implies that though all places and areas different from each other,yet there are similarities between various parts of the world.

Zoology

Examination Syllabus - Zoology

1. Cell structure and function :

1. Prokaryote and eukaryote.

2. Structure of animal cell, structure and functions of cell organelles.

3. Cell cycle-mitosis, meiosis.

4. Structure and contents of nucleus including nuclear membrane, structure of chromsome and gene, chemistry of genetic components.

5. Mendel's laws of inheritance, linkage and genetic recombination; cytoplasmic inheritance.

6. Function of gene: replication, transcription and translation; mutations (spontaneous and artificial); Recombinant DNA: principle and application.

7. sex determination in Drosophila and man; sex linkage in man.

2. Systematics :

1. Classification of non-chordates (up to sub-classes) and chordates (up to orders) giving general features and evolutionary relationship of the following phyla: Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematheliminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Minor Phyla (Bryozoa, Phoronida and Chaetognatha) and Hemichordata.

2. Structure reprodcution and life history of the following types: Amoeba, Monocystis, Plasmodium, Paramaecium, Sycon, Hydra, Obelia, Fasciola, Taenia, Ascaris, Neanthes, Pheretima, Hirudinia, Palaemon, Buthus, Periplaneta, Lamellidens, Pila, Asterias and Balanoglossus.

3. Classification of chordates (up to orders), giving general features and evolutionary relationship of the following: Protochordata; Agnatha; Gnathostomata-Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

4. Comparative functional anatomy of the following based on type animals (Scoliodon, Rana, Calotes, Columba and Oryctolagus): integrument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urinogenital system; brain and sense organs (eye and ear); endocrine glands and other hormone producing structures, (Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) their function.

3. Vertebrate Physiology and Biochemistry :

1. Chemical composition of protoplasm; nature and function of enzymes; vitamins, their sources and role; colloids and hydrogen ion concentration; biological oxidation, electron trasport and role of ATP, enegetics, glycolysis, citric acid cycle; vertebrate hormones: their type, sources and fucntions; pheromones and their role.

2. Neuron and nerve impulse-conduction and transmission across synapses; neurotrasmitters and their role, including acetyl cholinesterase activity.

3. Homeostasis; osmoregulation; active transport and ion pump.

4. Composition of carbohydrates, fats, lipids and proteins; steroids.

4. Embryology :

1. Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage; gastrulation in frog and chick

2. Metamorphosis in frog and retrogressive metamorphosis in ascidian; extra-embryonic membranes in chick and mammal; placentation in mamals; Biogenetic law.

5. Evolution :

1. Origin of life; principles, theories and evidences of evolution; species concept.

2. Zoogeographical realms, insular fauna; geological eras.

3. Evolution of man; evolutionary status of man.

6. Ecology, Wildlife and Ethology :

1. Abiotic and biotic factors; concept of ecosystem, food chain and energy flow; adaptation of aquatic, terrestrial and aerial fauna; intra-and inter-specific animal relationships; environmental pollution: Types, sources, causes, control and prevention.

2. Wildlife of India; endangered species of India; sanctuaries and national parks of India.

3. Biological rhythms.

7. Economic Zoology :

1. Beneficial and harmful insects including insect vectors of human diseases.

2. Industrial fish, prawn and molluscs of India.

3. Non-poisonous and poisonous snakes of India.

4. Venomous animals-centipede, wasp, honey bee.

5. Diseases causd by aberrant chromosomes/genes in man; genetic counselling; DNA as a tool for forensic investigation.



Main Examination Syllabus - Zoology

Paper-1

Section-A

Non-chordata and chordata

1. Classfication and relationship of varous phyla upto sub-classes; Acoelomata and Coelomata; Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateralia and Radiata; Status of Protista, Parazoa, Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.

2. Protozoa : Locomotion, nutrition, reproduction; evolution of sex; General features and life history of Paramaecium, Monocystis, Plasmodium, and Leishmania.

3. Porifera : Skeleton, canal system and reproduction.

4. Coelenterata : Polymorphism, defensive structures and their mechanism; coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis; general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.

5. Platyhelminthes : Parasitic adaptation; general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their relation to man.

6. Nemathelminthes : General features, life history and parasitic adaptation of Ascaris; nemathelminths in relation to man.

7. Annelida : Coelom and metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes; general features and life history of nereis (Neanthes), earthworm (Pheretima) and leach (Hirudinaria).

8. Arthropoda : Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea; vision and respiration in arthropods (prawn, cockroach and scorpion); modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insects and its hormonal regulation; social organization in insects (termites and honey bees).

9. Mollusca : Feeding, respiration, locomotion, shell diversiy; general features and life history of Lamellidens, Pila and Sepia, torsion and detorsion in gastropods.

10. Echinodermata : Feeding, respiration, locomotion larval forms; general features and life history of Asterias.

11. Protochordata : Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdamania.

12. Pisces : Scales, respiration, locomotion, migration.

13. Amphibia : Origin of tetrapods; parental care, paedomorphosis.

14. Reptilia : Origin of reptiles; skull types; status of Sphenodon and crocidiles.

15. Aves : Origin of birds; flight adaptation, migration.

16. Mammalia : Origin of mammals; denitition; general features of egg-laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates; endocrine glands and
other hormone producing structures (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.

17. Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates (integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches; urino-genital system, brain and sense organs (eye and ear).

Section- B

1. Ecology

1. Biosphere:Biogeochemical cycles, green-houses effect, ozone layer and its impact; ecological succession, biomes and ecotones.

2. Population, characteristics, population dynamics, population stabilization.

3. Conservation of natural resources- mineral mining, fisheries, aquaculture; forestry; grassland; wildlife (Project Tiger); susainable production in agriculture-integrated pest management.

4. Environmental biodegradation; pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.

2. Ethology
1. Behaviour : Sensory filtering, responsiveness, sign stimuli, learning, instinct, habituation, conditioning, imprinting.

2. Role of hormones in drive; role of pheromones in alarm spreading; crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics, social behaviour in insects and primates; courtship (Drosophila, 3-spine stickleback and birds).

3. Orientation, navigation, homing; biological rhythms; biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.

4. Methods of studying animal behaviour.

3. Economic Zoology

1. Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, carp culture, pearl culture, prawn culture.

2. Major infectious and communicable diseases (small pox, plague, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their vectors, pathogens and prevention.

3. Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogens (helminths) and vectors (ticks, mites,Tabanus, Stomoxys)

4. Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella), oil seed (Achaea janata) and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).

4. Biostatistics

1. Designing of experiments; null hypothesis; correlation, regression, distribution and measure of central tendency, chi square, student t-test, F-test (one-way & two-way F-test).

5. Instrumental methods

1. Spectrophotometry, flame photometry, Geiger-Muller counter, scintiliation counting.

2. Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).

Paper-II

Section-A

1. Cell Biology

1. Structure and function of cell andits organelles(nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and Iysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mitotic spindle and mitotic apparatus, chromosome movement.

2. Watson-Crick model of DNA, replication of DNA, protein synthesis, transcription and transcription factors.

2. Genetics

1. Gene structure and functions; genetic code.

2. Sex chromosomes and sex determination in Drosophilla, nematodes and man.

3. Mendel's laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, linkage-maps, multiple alleles, cistron concept; genetics of blood groups.

4. Mutations and mutagenesis : radiation and chemical.

5. Cloning technology, plasmids and cosmids as vectors, transgenics, transposons, DNA sequence cloning and whole animal cloning (Principles and methodology).

6. Regulation and gene expression in pro-and eu-karyotes.

7. Signal transduction; pedigree-analysis; congenital diseases in man.

8. Human genome mapping; DNA finger-printing.

3. Evolution

1. Origin of life

2. Natural selection, role of mutation in evolution, mimicry, variation, isolation, speciation.

3. Fossils and fossilization; evolution of horse, elephant and man.

4. Hardy-Weinberg Law, causes of change in gene frequency.

5. Continental drift and distribution of animals.

4. Systematics

1. Zoological nomenclature; international code; cladistics.

Section-B

1. Biochemistry

1. Structure and role of carbohydrates, fats, lipids, proteins, aminoacids, nucleic acids; saturated and unsaturated fattyacids, cholesterol.

2. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, oxidation and reduction, oxidative phosphorylation; energy conservation and release, ATP, cyclic AMP-its structure and role.

3. Hormone classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis and function.

4. Enzymes : types and mechanisms of action; immunoglobulin and immunity; vitamins and co-enzymes.

5. Bioenergetics.

2. Physiology (with special refernece ot mammals)

1. Composition and constitutents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man; coagulation, factors and mechanism of coagulation; acid-base balance, thermo regulation.

2. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport; haemoglobin : constitutents and role in regulation.

3. Nutritive requirements; role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in digestion and absorption.

4. Excretory products; nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmoregulation.

5. Types of muscles, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles.

6. Neuron, nerve impulse-its conduction and synaptic transmission; neurotransmitters.

7. Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.

8. Mechanism of hormone action.

9. Physiology of reproduction, role of hormones and phermones.

3. Developmental Biology

1. Differentiation from gamete to neurula stage; dedifferentiation; metaplasia, induction, morphogenesis and morphogen; fate maps of gastrulae in frog and chick; organogenesis of eye and heart, placenation in mammals.

2. Role of cytoplasm in and genetic control of development; cell lineage; causation of metamorphosis in frog and insects; paedogenesia and neoteny; growth, degrowth and cell death; ageing; blastogenesis; regeneration; teratogenesis; neoplasia.

3. Invasiveness of placenta; in vitro fertilization; embryo transfer, cloning.

4. Baer's law; evo-devo concept.

Statistics

Examination Syllabus - Statistics

Probability

Random experiment, sample space, event, algebra of events, probability on a discrete sample space, basic theorems of probability and simple examples based there on, conditional probability of an event, independent events, Bayes' theorem and its application, discrete and continuous random variables and their distributions, expectation, moments, moment generating function, joint distribution of two or more random variables, marginal and conditional distributions, independence of random variables, covariance, correlation, coefficient, distribution of function of random variables. Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, Poisson, multinomial, uniform, beta, exponential, gamma, Cauchy, normal, longnormal and bivariate normal distributions, real-life situations where these distributions provide appropriate models, Chebyshev's inequality, weak law of large numbers and central limit theorem for independent and identically distributed random variables with finite variance and their simple applications.

Statistical Methods

Concept of a statistical population and a sample, types of data, presentation and summarization of data, measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis, measures of association and contingency, correlation, rank correlation, intraclass correlation, correlation ratio, simple and multiple linear regression, multiple and partial correlations (involving three variables only), curve-fitting and principle of least squares, concepts of random sample, parameter and statistic, Z, X2, t and F statistics and their properties and applications, distributions of sample range and median (for continuous distributions only), censored sampling (concept and illustrations).

Statistical Inference

Unbiasedness, consistency, efficiency, sufficiency, Completeness, minimum variance unbiased estimation, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Lehmann-Scheffe theorem, Cramer-Rao inequality and minimum variance bound estimator, moments, maximum likelihood, least squares and minimum chisquare methods of estimation, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, idea of a random interval, confidence intervals for the paramters of standard distributions, shortest confidence intervals, large-sample confidence intervals.

Simple and composite hypotheses, two kinds of errors, level of significance, size and power of a test, desirable properties of a good test, most powerful test, Neyman-Pearson lemma and its use in simple example, uniformly most powerful test, likelihood ratio test and its properties and applications.

Chi-square test, sign test, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, run test for randomness, median test, Wilcoxon test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

Wal's sequential probability ratio test, OC and ASN functions, application to binomial and normal distributions.

Loss function, risk function, minimax and Bayes rules.

Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments

Complete enumeration vs. sampling, need for sampling, basic concepts in sampling, designing large-scale sample surveys, sampling and non-sampling errors, simple random sampling, properties of a good estimator, estimation of sample size, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, ratio and regression methods of estimaton under simple and stratified random sampling, double sampling for ratio and regression methods of estimation, two-stage sampling with equal-size first-stage units.

Analysis of variance with equal number of observations per cell in one, two and three-way classifications, analysis of covariance in one and two-way classifications, basic priniciples of experimental designs, completely randomized design, randomized block design, latin square design, missing plot technique, 2n factorial design, total and partial confounding, 32 factorial experiments, split-plot design and balanced incomplete block design.



Main Examination Syllabus - Statistics

Paper-I

* Probability

Sample space and events, probability measure and probability space, random variable as a measurable function, distribution function of a random variable, discrete and continuous-type random variable probability mass function, probability density function, vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional distributions, stochastic independence of events and of random variables, expectation and moments of a random variable, conditional expectation, convergence of a sequence of random variable in distribution, in probability, in p-th mean and almost everywhere, their criteria and inter-relations, Borel-Cantelli lemma, Chebyshev’s and Khinchine‘s weak laws of large numbers, strong law of large numbers and kolmogorov’s theorems, Glivenko-Cantelli theorem, probability generating function, characteristic function, inversion theorem, Laplace transform, related uniqueness and continuity theorems, determination of distribution by its moments. Linderberg and Levy forms of central limit theorem, standard discrete and continuous probability distributions, their inter-relations and limiting cases, simple properties of finite Markov chains.

* Statistical Inference

Consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, minimal sufficiency, completeness, ancillary statistic, factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution and its properties, uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems, Cramer-Rao inequality for single and several-parameter family of distributions, minimum variance bound estimator and its properties, modifications and extensions of Cramer-Rao inequality, Chapman-Robbins inequality, Bhattacharyya’s bounds, estimation by methods of moments, maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum chi-square and modified minimum chi-square, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, idea of asymptotic efficiency, idea of prior and posterior distributions, Bayes estimators.

Non-randomised and randomised tests, critical function, MP tests, Neyman-Pearson lemma, UMP tests, monotone likelihood ratio, generalised Neyman-Pearson lemma, similar and unbiased tests, UMPU tests for single and several-parameter families of distributions, likelihood rotates and its large sample properties, chi-square goodness of fit test and its asymptotic distribution.

Confidence bounds and its relation with tests, uniformly most accurate (UMA) and UMA unbiased confidence bounds.

Kolmogorov’s test for goodness of fit and its consistency, sign test and its optimality. wilcoxon signed-ranks test and its consistency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test, run test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and median test, their consistency and asymptotic normality.

Wald’s SPRT and its properties, OC and ASN functions, Wald’s fundamental identity, sequential estimation.

* Linear Inference and Multivariate Analysis

Linear statistical models’, theory of least squares and analysis of variance, Gauss-Markoff theory, normal equations, least squares estimates and their precision, test of signficance and interval estimates based on least squares theory in one-way, two-way and three-way classified data, regression analysis, linear regression, curvilinear regression and orthogonal polynomials, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlations, regression diagnostics and sensitivity analysis, calibration problems, estimation of variance and covariance components, MINQUE theory, multivariate normal distribution, Mahalanobis;’ D2 and Hotelling’s T2 statistics and their applications and properties, discrimi nant analysis, canonical correlatons, one-way MANOVA, principal component analysis, elements of factor analysis.

* Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments

An outline of fixed-population and super-population approaches, distinctive features of finite population sampling, probability sampling designs, simple random sampling with and without replacement, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling and its efficacy for structural populations, cluster sampling, two-stage and multi-stage sampling, ratio and regression, methods of estimation involving one or more auxiliary variables, two-phase sampling, probability proportional to size sampling with and without replacement, the Hansen-Hurwitz and the Horvitz-Thompson estimators, non-negative variance estimation with reference to the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, non-sampling errors, Warner’s randomised response technique for sensitive characteristics.

Fixed effects model (two-way classification) random and mixed effects models (two-way classification per cell), CRD, RBD, LSD and their analyses, incomplete block designs, concepts of orthogonality and balance, BIBD, missing plot technique, factorial designs : 2n, 32 and 33, confounding in factorial experiments, split-plot and simple lattice designs.

Paper-II

* Industrial Statistics

Process and product control, general theory of control charts, different types of control charts for variables and attributes, X, R, s, p, np and c charts, cumulative sum chart, V-mask, single, double, multiple and sequential sampling plans for attributes, OC, ASN, AOQ and ATI curves, concepts of producer’s and consumer’s risks, AQL, LTPD and AOQL, sampling plans for variables, use of Dodge-Romig and Military Standard tables.

Concepts of reliability, maintainability and availability, reliability of series and parallel systems and other simple configurations, renewal density and renewal function, survival models (exponential), Weibull, lognormal, Rayleigh, and bath-tub), different types of redundancy and use of redundancy in reliability improvement, problems in life-testing, censored and truncated experiments for exponential models.

* Optimization Techniques

Different, types of models in Operational Research, their construction and general methods of solution, simulation and Monte-Carlo methods, the structure and formulation of linear programming (LP) problem, simple LP model and its graphical solution, the simplex procedure, the two-phase method and the M-technique with artificial variables, the duality theory of LP and its economic interpretation, sensitivity analysis, transportation and assignment problems, rectangular games, two-person zero-sum games, methods of solution (graphical and algerbraic).

Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and individual replacement policies, concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory problems, simple models with deterministic and stochastic demand with and without lead time, storage models with particular reference to dam type.

Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification of states and ergodic theorems, homogeneous continous-time Markov chains, Poisson process, elements of queueing theory, M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 and M/G/1 queues.

Solution of statistical problems on computers using well known statistical software packages like SPSS.

* Quantitative Economics and Official Statistics

Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components, Box-Jenkins method, tests for stationery of series, ARIMA models and determination of orders of autoregressive and moving average components, forecasting.

Commonly used index numbers-Laspeyre's, Paashe's and Fisher's ideal index numbers, chain-base index number uses and limitations of index numbers, index number of wholesale prices, consumer price index number, index numbers of agricultural and industrial production, test for index numbers like proportionality test, time-reversal test, factor-reversal test, circular test and dimensional invariance test.

General linear model, ordinary least squares and generalised least squires methods of estimation, problem of multicollinearlity, consequences and solutions of multicollinearity, autocorrelation and its consequeces, heteroscedasticity of disturbances and its testing, test for independe of disturbances, Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression equation model and its estimation, concept of structure and model for simulaneous equations, problem of identification-rank and order conditions of identifiability, two-stage least squares method of estimation.

Present official statistical system in India relating to population, agriculture, industrial production, trade and prices, methods of collection of official statistics, their reliability and limitation and the principal publications containing such statistics, various official agencies responsible for data collection and their main functions.

* Demography and Psychometry

Demographic data from census, registration, NSS and other surveys, and their limitation and uses, definition, construction and uses of vital rates and ratios, measures of fertility, reproduction rates, morbidity rate, standardized death rate, complete and abridged life tables, construction of life tables from vital statistics and census returns, uses of life tables, logistic and other population growth curves, fifting a logistic curve, population projection, stable population quasi-stable population techniques in estimation of demographic parameters, morbidity and its measurement, standard classification by cause of death, health surveys and use of hospital statistics.

Methods of standardisation of scales and tests, Z-scores, standard scores, T-scores, percentile scores, intelligence quotient and its measurement and uses, validity of test scores and its determination, use of factor analysis and path analysis in psychometry.

Sociology

Examination Syllabus - Sociology

1. Basic Concepts

* Society, community, association, institution. Culture-culture change, diffusion, Cultural-tag, Cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, acculturation.
* Social Groups-primary, secondary and reference groups.
* Social structure, social system, social action.
* Status and role, role conflict, role set.
* Norms and values-conformity and deviance.
* Law and customs.
* Socio-cultural processes: socialisation, assimilation, integration, cooperation, competition, conflict, accommodation, Social distance, relative deprivation.

2. Marriage, Family and Kinship

* Marriage : types and norms, marriage as contract, and as a sacrament.
* Family : types, functions and changes.
* Kinships : terms and usages, rules of residence, descent, inheritance.

3. Social Stratification

Forms and functions; Caste and Class. Jajmani system, purity and pollution, dominant caste, sanskritisation.

4. Types of Society

Tribal, agrarian, industrial and post-industrial.

5. Economy and Society

Man, nature and social production, economic systems of simple and complex societies, non-economic determinants of economic behaviour, market (free) economy and controlled (planned) economy.

6. Industrial and Urban Society

Rural-Urban Continuum, urban growth and urbanisation-town, city and metropolis; basic features of industrial society; impact of automation on society; industrialisation and environment.

7. Social Demography

Population size, growth, composition, and distribution in India; components of population growth-births, deaths and migration; causes and consequences of population growth; population and social development; population policy.

8. Political Processes

Power, authority and legitimacy; political socialisation; political modernisation, pressure groups; caste and politics.

9. Weaker Sections-and Minorities

Social justice-equal opportunity and special opportunity; protective discrimination; constitutional safeguards.

10. Social Change

Theories of change; factors of change; science, technology and change. Social movements-Peasant Movement, Women's Movement, Backward Caste Movement, Dalit Movement.




Main Examination Syllabus - Sociology

Paper-I

General Sociology/Foundations of Sociology/Fundamentals of Sociology

* Sociology-The Discipline

Sociology as a science and as an interpretative discipline; impact of industrial and French Revolution on the emergence of sociology; sociology and its relationship with history, economics, political science, psychology and anthropology.

* Scientific Study of Social Phenomena

Problem of objectivity and value neutrality; issue of measurement in social science; elements of scientific method-concepts, theory and fact, hypothesis; research designs-descriptive, exploratory and experimental

* Techniques of data collection and analysis

Participant and quasi-participant observation; interview, questionnaire and schedule case study, sampling-size, reliability and validity, scaling techniques-social distance and Likert scale.

* Pioneering contributions to Sociology

o Karl Marx : Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation and class struggle.

o Emile Durkheim : Division of labour, social fact, religion and society.

o Max Weber : Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.

o Talcott Parsons : Social system, pattern variables.

o Robert K. Merton : Latent and manifest functions, anomie, conformity and deviance, reference groups.


* Marriage and Family

Types and forms of marriage; family-structure and function; personality and socialization; Social control; family, lineage, descent and property; changing structure of family marriage and sex roles in modern society; divorce and its implications; gender issues; role conflicts.

* Social Stratification

Concepts-hierarchy, inequality and stratification; theories of stratification-Marx, Davis and Moore and Melvin Tumin’s critique; forms and functions; class-different conceptions of class; class-in-itself and class-for-itself; caste and class; caste as a class.

* Social Mobility

Types of mobility-open and closed models; intra-and inter-generational mobility; vertical and horizontal mobility; social mobility and social change.

* Economic System

Sociological dimensions of economic life; the impact of economic processes on the larger society; social aspects of division of labour and types of exchange; features of pre-industrial and industrial economic system; industrialisation and social change; social determinants of economic development.

* Political System

The nature of power-personal power, community power, power of the elite, class power, organisational power, power of the un-organised masses; authority and legitimacy; pressure groups and political parties; voting behaviour; modes of political participation-democratic and authoritarian forms.

* Educational System

Education and Culture; equality of educational opportunity; social aspects of mass education; problems of universalisation of primary education; role of community and state intervention in education; education as an instrument of social control and social change; education and modernisation.

* Religion

Origins of religious beliefs in pre-modern socieites; the sacred and the profane; social functions and dysfunctions of religion; monistic and pluralistic religion; organised and unorganised religions; semitism and antisemitism; religion, sect and cults; magic, religion and science.

* Science & Technology

Ethos of science; social responsibility of science; social control of science; social consequences of science and technology; technology and social change.

* Social Movements

Concepts of social movements; genesis of social movements; ideology and social movement; social movement and social change; types of social movements.

* Social change and Development

Continuity and change as fact and as value; theories of social change-Marx, Parsons and Sorokin; direted social change; social policy and social development.

Paper-II

Study of Indian Society

* Historical Moorings of the Indian Society

Traditional Hindu social organisation; socio-cultural dynymics through the ages; impact of Buddhism, Islam, and the West, factors in continuity and change.

* Caste System

Origin of the caste system; cultural and structural views about caste; mobility in caste; caste among Muslims and Christians; change and persistence of caste in modern India; issues of equality and social justice; views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on caste; caste on and Indian polity; Backward Classes Movement; Mandal Commission Report and issues of social backwardness and social justice; emergence of Dalit consciousness.

* Class Structure

Class structure in India, agrarian and industrial class structure; emergence ofmiddle class; emergence of classes among tribes; elite formation in India.

* Marriage, Family and Kinship

Marriage among different ethnic groups, its changing trends and its future; family-its structural and functional aspects-its changing forms; regional variations in kinship systems and its socio-cultural correlates; impact of legislation and socio-economic change on marriage and family; generation gap.

* Agrarian Social Structure

Peasant society and agrarian systems; land tenure systems-historical perspectives, social consequences of land reforms and green revolution; feudalism-semi-feudalism debates; emerging agrarian class structure; agrarian unrest.

* Industry and Society

Path of industrialisation, occupational diversification, trade unions and human relations; market economy and its social consequences; economic reforms liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.

* Political Processes

Working of the democratic political system in a traditional society; political parties and their social base; social structural origins of political elites and their orientations; regionalism, pluralism and national unity; decentralisation of power; panchayati raj and nagarpalikas and 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments.

* Education

Directive Principles of State Policy and primary education; education; educational inequality and change; education and social mobility; the role of community and state intervention in education; universalisation of primary education; Total Literacy Campaigns; educational problems of disadvantages groups.

* Religion and Society

Size, growth and regional distribution of different religious groups; educational levels of different groups; problems of religious minorities; communal tensions; secularism; conversions; religious fundamentalism.

* Tribal Societies

Distinctive features of tribal communities and their geographical spread; problems of tribal communities-land alienation, poverty, indebetedness, health and nutrition, education; tribal development efforts after independence; tribal policy-isolation, assimilation and integration; issues of tribal identity.

* Population Dynamics

Population size, growth, composition and distribution; components of population growth; birth rate, death rate and migration; determinants and consequences of population growth; issues of age at marriage, sex ratio, infant mortality rate; population policy and family welfare programmes.

* Dimensions of Development

Strategy and ideology of planning; poverty, indebtedness and bonded labour; strategies of rural development-poverty alleviation programmes; environment, housing, slums, and unemployment; programmes for urban development.

* Social Change

Endogenous and exogenous sources of change and resistance toc hange; processes of change-sanskritisation and modernisation; agents of change-mass media, education and communication; problems of change and modernisation; structural contradictions and breakdowns.

* Social Movements

o Reform Movements : Arya Samaj, Satya Sadhak Samaj, Sri Narayanguru Dharma Paripalana Sabha, and Ram Krishna Mission.
o Peasant movements-Kisan Sabha, Telengana, Naxalbari.
o Backward Castes Movement : Self-respect Movement, backward castes mobilisation in North India.

* Women and society

Demographic profile of women; special problems-dowry, atrocities, discrimination; existing programmes for women and their impact. Situational analysis of children; child welfare programmes.

* Social Problems

Prostitution, AIDS, alcoholism, drug addiction, corruption.

Public Administration

Examination Syllabus - Public Administration

1. Introduction : Meaning, scope and significance. Evolution and status of the discipline. Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration. Public and Private Administration: State versus market debate. New Pubic Administration. New Public Management perspective.

2. Basic concepts and principles : Organisation, hierarchy, Unity of command, Span of control, Authority and Responsibility, Co-ordination, Centralization and Decentralization, Delegation, Supervision, Line and Staff.

3. Theories of Administration : Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Managment Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others) Bureaucratic Theory (Weber and his critics). Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and C.I. Barnard; Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others). Behavioral Approach, Systems approach.

4. Administrative Behaviour : Decision making with special reference to H. Simon, communication and control, leadership theories. Theories of motivation (Maslow and Herzberg)

5. Accountability and Control : The concepts of Accountability and control : Legislative, executive and judicial control. Citizen and Administration: Role of civil society, people's participation and Right to Information.

6. Administrative Systems : Comparative administrative features of USA, Great Britain, France and Japan.

7. Personnel Administration : Role of Civil Service in developing societies; position classification, Recuritment, Training, Promotion, Pay and Service conditions. Relations with the Political Executive; Administrative Ethics.

8. Financial Administration : Budget: Concepts and forms. Formulation and execution of budget, deficit financing and public debt, Accounts and Audit.

9. Union Government and Administration in India. British legacy : Constitutional context of Indian Administration; The President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Central Secretariat; Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Minister's Office, Planning Commission; Finance Commission; Election Commission; Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. Public enterprises: Patterns, role performance and impact of liberalization.

10. Civil Services in India : Recruitment to All India and Central Services. Union Public Service Commission; Training of Civil Servants. Generalists and Specialists. Minister-Civil Servant relationship.

11. State and District Administration : Governor, Chief Minister, Secretariat, Chief Secretary, Directorates, District Collector: changing role.

12. Local Government : Panchayati Raj and Urban local Government: Main features, structures, finances and problem areas. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendements.





Main Examination Syllabus - Public Administration

Paper-I (Administrative theory)

Section-A

* Introduction

Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration, Public and Private Administration, Wilson's vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline and its present status. New Public Administration. Public choice approach and New Public Management perspective. Features of Entrepreneurial Government, Good Governance : concept and application.

* Theories of Administraiton

Nature and typologies; Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Management Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others), Bureaucratic Theory. (Marxist view, Weber's model and its critique, post-Weberian developments.) Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and (C.I. Barnard) Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and and others). Behavioral Approach to Organizational Analysis. Participative Management; (McGregor, Likert and others). The Systems Approach; Open and closed systems.

* Structure of public organisations

Typologies of Political Executive and their functions. Forms of public organizations : Ministries and Departments : Corporations; Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and Advisory bodies. Headquarters and field relationships.

* Administrative Behaviour

Decision making with special reference to Herbert Simon, Theories of Leadership, Communication, Morale, Motivation (Maslow and Herzberg.)

* Accountability and Control

Concepts of Accountability and Control; Legislative Executive and Judicial Control over Administration. Citizen and Administration, Role of civil society, people's participation, Right to information. Administrative corruption, machinery for redressal of citizens' grievances. Citizens Charter.

* Administrative Law

Meaning and significance. Delegated Legislation : Types, Advantages, Limitations, Safeguards, Administrative Tribunals : limitations and methods of ensuring effectiveness.

Section-B

* Administrative Reforms

Meaning, process and obstacles. Techniques of administrative improvement : O and M; Work Study and Work Management, Information Technology.

* Comparative Public Administration

Meaning, nature and scope. Models of Comparative Public Administration : Bureaucratic and ecological.

* Development Administration

Origin and purpose, Rigg's Prismatic-Sala Model; Bureaucracy and Development; Changing profile of Development Administration; new directions in people's self development and empowerment.

* Public Policy

Relevance of Policy making in Public Administration. Model of Policy-making Sectoral policies (e.g. Energy, Industries Education and Transport Policies) Process of Policy formulation, problems of implementation, feed-back and evaluation.

* Personnel Administration

Objectives of Personnel Administration. Importance of human resource development. Recruitment, training, career development, position classification, discipline, Performance Appraisal, Promotion, Pay and Service Conditions; employer- employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism integrity and code of conduct.

* Financial administration

Monetary and fiscal policies. Resource mobilisation : tax and non-tax sources. Public borrowings and public debt. Concepts and types of budget. Preparation and execution of the budget. Deficit financing Performance budgeting. Legislative control, Accounts and Audit.

Paper-II (Indian Administration)

Section-A

* Evolution of Indian Administration Kautilya, Mughal period, British legacy.

* Constitutional framework value premises of the Constitution, Parliamentary democracy, federalism, Planning. Human Rights : National Human Rights Commission.

* Union Government and Administration President Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Cabinet committees, Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Minister's Office, Central Secretariat, Ministries and Departments, Advisory Bodies, Boards and Commissions, Field Organizations.

* State Government and Administration–Governor, Chief Minsiter, Council of Ministers, Chief Secretary, State Secretariat Directorates.

* District Administration Changing role of the District Collector : Law and Order and Development Management. Relationship with functional departments. District administration and the Panchayati Raj institutions. Role and functions of the Sub-Divisional Officer.

* Local Government : Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Government. Structures, Functions, finances. Main featues of 73rd and 74rd Constitutional Amendements : Problemes of implementation. Major rural and urban development programmes and their management.

* Public Sector : Forms of public undertakings. Their contribution to the economy; problems of autonomy and accountability. Changing role of the Public Sector in the context of liberalisation.

Section-B

* Public Services : All India Services Constitutional position , role land functions. Central Services : nature and functions. Union Public Service Commission.State Services and the State Public Service Commissions. Training in the changing context of governance.

* Control of Public Expenditure. Parliamentary control Estimates Committee, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Role of the Finance Ministry in monetary and fiscal policy area, co-ordination and economy in expenditure.

* Administrative Reforms : Reforms since independence. Reports of the Administrative Reforms Commission, Problems of implementation.

* Machinery for Planning : Role, composition and review of functions of the Planning Commission; Role of the National Development Council. Process of Plan formulation at Union and State levels. Decentralized planning.

* Administration of Law and Order : Role of Central and State Agencies in maintenance of law and order. Criminalisation of politics and administration.

* Welfare Administration : Machinery for welfare administration at the national and state levels. Central Social Welfare Board and the State, Social Welfare Boards. Special organizations for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Welfare Programmes for women and children. Problems of child labour. Role of civil society.

* Major issues in Indian Administration : problems of Centre-State Relations; Relationship between political and permanent Executives. Values in Public Service and Administrative Culture. Lok Pal and Lok Ayuktas. Development and environmental issues. Impact of information Technology on Public Administration. Indian Administration and Globalisation.

Psychology

Examination Syllabus - Psychology

1. Introduction to psychology :
Concept and definition of psychology. Nature and Scope. Branches of psychology. Application of psychology to soceity and social problems.

2. Methods in Psychology :
Characteristics of psychological studies, Observation. Survey method, Clinical and case study method. Experimental method. Application of the method.

3. Quantitive Analysis :
Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Correlation. Levels of measurement. Reliability and validity. Application in test construction.

4. Physiological Psychology :
Structure of neuron, nerve impulses, synapse and neurotransmitters. Central and peripheral nervous system-structure and neural control of behaviour. Hemispheric specialisation. Endocrine system and hormonal control of behaviour. Application of hemispheric knowledge to diagnostic purposes.

5. Development of human behaviour :
Individual Differences : Heredity and environment. Life span developent. Role of early experience and mastering of developmental tasks. Sensitive or critical periods of development in human life cycle and its application.

6. Perception :
Preceptual processes. Perceputal organsiation. Perception of form, colour, depth and time. Perceptual readiness and constancy. Role of motivation, social and cultural factors in perception. Application of knowledge of perception to skill development (e.g. for certain jobs like that of driving, airline pilots etc.)

7. Learning :
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Modeling and observational learning. Transfer of training. Learing and motivation. Application of the above to the improvement of academic performance in education.

8. Memory :
Physiological basis of memory. Memory and forgetting. Measurement of memory (Recall, Recognition, Relearning). Short term and long term memory. Theories of forgetting (Decay and Interference theories and Repressive forgetting). Application of Mnemonic devices etc, to improving memory.

9. Cognition and Language :
Concept of formation. Nature and development of thinking. Language and thought and acquisition of language. Problem solving. Creative thinking and its applications.

10. Intelligence and Aptitude :
Definition and concept. Theories and models of Intelligence. Measurement of intelligence and aptitude. Exceptional intelligence. Mental retardation. Concepts of multiple, emotional and artificial intelligence and their application.

11. Motivation and Emotion :
Definition and concept of instinct, needs, drives and motives. Theories of motivation and their application (drive reduction theory, Maslow's motivational hierarchy). Social motivation: Achievement, power, affiliation motives and influence of early experiences. Physiological basis of emotion. Theories of emotion (James-Lange and Cannon-Brad theories, cognitive physiological theory).

12. Personality :
Concepts and Definition of personality. Sutdy of personality (Trait, type and eclectic approaches) Development of personality (Freud, Erikson, Biological and socio-cultural determinants). Measurement of Personality (Projective tests, pencil-paper tests). Application of personality profiles in fitting a person to a job.

13. Adjustment and Stress :
Concept and definition. Factors affecting adjustment (frustration and conflict). Sources of stress and reactions to stress. Coping with stress. Application of stress management techniques.

14. Social Behaviour :
Socio-cultural factors and behaviour. Development of attitudes, stereotypes and prejudice, Measurement of Attidutes (Thurstone, Likert attitude scale and Bogardus Social Distance scale). Strategies for reducing prejudice and changing atitude. Person perception, implicit personality theory and integrating impressions. Application of person perception to impression management.

15. Application of Psychology :
Health and mental health (yoga, meditation and relaxation therapies). Education (Programmed learning,. self instructional learning and learning styles). Community (self help through group cohesiveness and leadership). Industry (Assessment centre approach in selection, recruitment and training). Environment (man-nature interaction, personal space concept, pollution reduction) Information technology (Application to commercial, educational and health areas).






Main Examination Syllabus - Psychology

Paper-I (Foundations of Psychology)

Section-A

* Introduction : Psychology as a Science
Definitions and perspective. Psychology in relation to other social and natural sciences. Use of interdiciplinary approach.

* Methods of Psychology
Characteristics and componets of methods in psychology (induction, deduction and introspection). Observation, Survey, Laboratory and field experiments. Clinical and Case study. Experimental and quasi experimental methods.

* Research methods and quantitative analysis
Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing). Fundamental versus applied research. Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study). Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical techniques (t-test, one-way ANOVA correlation and regression and chi-square tests).

* Development of Human Behaviour
The nature, origin and development. Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour. Influence of cultural factors and socialisation. Life span development-the critical periods and their handling, Mastery of the developmental tasks. Influence of child rearing practices and its impact on the growth and development of the individual, concept of national character.

* Attention and perception
Attention - factors, influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus. Sensation-concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection and vigilance. Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception. Perceptual organisation-influence of past experiences, Perceptual defence-factors influencing. Space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness.

* Learning
Concepts and theories of learning (Pavlov, Skimer and Piaget). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement. Modelling and social learning.

* Memory
Concepts and definition of memory and forgetting, 7+/-2 concept and clumking Encoding, storage and retrieval. Factors influencing retention and foregetting. Theories of forgetting (Repression, Decay and Interference theories). The concept of reminiscence.

Section-B

* Thinking and Problem Solving
Concept formation processes. Resoning and problem solving. Creative thinking and fostering creativity. Information processing. Decision making and judgement.

* Intelligence and Aptitude
Concept and definition of Intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence and aptitude Concepts and measurement of emotional and multiple intelligence.

* Motivation and Emotion
Definition and concepts. Theories and physiological basis of motivation and emotion. Measurement of motivation and emotion Motivation and emotion-their effects on behaviour.

* Personality
Concept and definition of personality. Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal and developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches). Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper tet). The Indian approach to Personality. Training for personality development.

* Language and Communication
Human language-properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period hypothesis. Theories of language development (Skinner, Chomsky), Process and types of communication. Effective communication and training.

* Attitudes, Values and Interests
Definitions, concepts of attitudes, values and interests. Components ofattitudes, values and interests. Formation and maintenance of attitudes. Measurement of attitudes, values and interests. Theories of attitudes, and attitudes changes, strategies for fostering values.

* Recent Trends
Computer application in the Psychological laboratory and psychological testing. Articial Intelligence. Psychocybernetics. Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states. Extrasensory perception. Intersensory perception Simulation studies.

Paper-II (Psychology : Issues and Applications)

Section-A

* Psychological Measurement of Individual Diference
The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.

* Well being and Mental Disorders
Concept of health, positive health, well being and ill health. Mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophernia and delusional disorders; personality disorders, substance abuse disorders). Causal factors in mental disorders. Factors influencing positive health, well being, life style and quality of life.

* Therapeutic Approaches
Psychody-namic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Reiki, Meditation) Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill.

* Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour
Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Leadership and participatory management. Advertising and marketing.

* Application of Psychology to Educational Field
Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process.Learning styles Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and better academic achievement. Personality development and value education, Educational, vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational institutions.

* Communty Psychology
Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Role of community psychologists in social change. Use of small groups in social action. Arousing community consciousness and action for handling social problems. Group decision making and leadership for social change.

* Rehabilitation Psychology
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists. Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence. Rehabiliation of HIV/.AIDS victims.

Section-B

* Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups
The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation and socially deprived. Social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development.

* Psychological and the problem of social integration
The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Casual factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.

* Application of psychology in Information Technology and Mass media
The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists. Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media. Entrepre neurship through e-commerce. Multilevel marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.

* Application of Psychology in the field of Defence
The concept of Military psychology, Aviation psychology and Pschological warfare Role of Military psychologists in the defence. Selection, recruitment and training of personnel. Facilitating the process of adjustment of personnel to military life-Role of Counselling. Devising Psychological tests for defence personnel. Psychological disorders due to war. Human engineering in Defence.

* Psychology and Economic develoment
Achievemnt motivation ad economic development. Characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. Motivating and Training people for entrepreneurship and economic development. Women Entrepreneurs. Consumer rights and consumer courts.

* Application of psychology to enviroment and related fields
Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding. Population psychology-psychological consquences of population explosion and high population density. Motivating for small family norms. Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation of environment.

* Other applications of psychology
Sports psychology-improving performance of sports, personnel, psychology and understanding of political behaviour. Voting behaviours. Psychology of corruption and strategies to deal with Psychology of terrorism.

Political Science

Examination Syllabus - Political Science

Section-A

1. Political Science : Nature & scope of the discipline, relationship with allied disciplines like History, Economics, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology.

2. Meaning of Politics : Approaches to the study of Politics.

3. Key Concepts : State, Soceity, Sovereignty, Power, Citizenship, Nation, Global order and Imperialism.

4. Political Ideas : Rights, Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rule of Law. Civil Soceity Swaraj, Revolution, Democratic Participation.

5. Democracy : Meaning and Theories of Democracy, Electoral system, Forms of Representation & Participation, Political accountability.

6. Political Ideologies : Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Marxism, Socialism, Fascism, Gandhism.

7. Party System and Political Process : Therories of Party System, National and regional parties, Political Parties in the Third World. Patterns of coalition politics, interest and pressure groups.

8. Forms of Government : Parliamentary and Presidential. Federal & unitary Modes of decentralisation.

9. Bureaucracy Concept : Theories, Weber and critiques of Bureaucracy.

10. Theories of Development : Meaning and various approaches. Concept and Theories of underdevelopment Debates in the Third World.

11. Social Movements : Meaning, Theories & Forms, Role of Environmental Feminist Peasant & workers movements, Role of Non Government organisation.

12. Nationalism and Internationalism

13. Major theories of International relations : Realist Marxist, Systems & Decision making & Game theory.

14. State & the Global order : Neo-Liberalism, globalisation, structural adjustment, regional economic integration, Nature and Impact of globalisation.


Section-B (Indian Government and politics)

1. Approaches to the study of Governments : Comparative historical, legal institutional, political economy and political sociology, approaches.

2. Classification of Political systems : Democratic and Authoritarian, characteristics of Political systems in the third world.

3. Typologies of constitutions : Basic features of these constitutions & governments, including U.K., USA. France, Germany, China, and South Africa.

4. Constitutional development : in India during British Rule-A historical perspective.

5. Constituent Assembly : philosophical and socio-economic dimensions. Salient features of the Indian Constitution.

6. Nature of Indian federalism : Centre-state relations, legislative, administrative, financial and political; politics of regional move and National Integration.

7. Fundamental Rights : Constitutional provisions and political dynamics. Judicial Interpretations and socio political realities; Fundamental Duties.

8. The Union Executive : President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, Constitutional provisions & framework and political trends.

9. Parliament : Powers and functions of the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha; Parliamentary Committees; Functioning of the Parliamentary system in India.

10. The Judiciary : The Supreme Court , Judicial Review Judicial Activism, Public Intrest Litigation; Judicial Reforms.

11. The State Executive : Governor, Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers; Constitutional Provisions and Political trends.

12. Indian Party System : Evolution and Contemporay trends; coalition government at the Centre and States, pressure groups in Indian politics.

13. The interaction of Government & Scientific & Technology business : Previous and now their inter relationship and changing roles in Society, Elites, Role of Pressure groups class and voluntary associations in society.

14. Local Government & Politics : Panchayti Raj and Municipal Government, structure power & functions. Political realities, significance of 73rd and 74th Amendements, role of women in Panchayats.

15. Bureaucracy and Development : Post-colonial India; its changing role in the context of liberatis after, bureauratic Accountability.

16. Challenges to Indian Democracy :
1. Communalism Regionalism violence, criminalisation and corruption.
2. Regional disparities, environmental degradation, illiteracy, Mass Poverty, Population, growth, caste oppressions and socio economic inequalities among backward classes.




Main Examination Syllabus - Political Science and International Relations

Paper-I

Section-A (Political Theory and Indian Politics)

* Approaches to the study of political theory: historical, normative and empirical.

* Theories of state: Social contract, Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, communitarian, post-colonial.

* State Sovereignty: Marxist and pluralistic theories; globalisation and the State.

* Democracy and Human Rights: Democratic theory-classical and contemporary. Theories of Human Rights; Theories of Justice, Equality and Revolution, political obligation; New Social Movements.

* Theories of Political Culture; Culture and politics in Third World countries.

* Theories of Political Economy-Classical and contemporary.

* Political Ideologies: Nature of Ideology; Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Anarchism.

* Theories of Power and Hegemony: Pareto, Mosca, Mitchels, C. Wright Mills, Weber, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt.

* Indian Political Thought: Manu, Kautilya M.N. Roy Gandhi Ambedkar and E V Ramswami Naicker.

* Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, J S Mill, Hegel and Marx, Lenin, Rosa Luxemberg and Mao Zedong.

Section-B (Indian Government and Politics)

* Indian Nationalism: Dadabhai Naoroji, Tilak, Savarkar, Gandhi, Jayaprakash Narain, Nehru, Subhas Bose, Ambedkar, Ram Manohar Lohia.

* Nature and struggle of Indian freedom struggle : From constitutionalism to Mass Satyagraha, Revolutionary movements Non Co-operation, Civil disobedience and Quit India, Indian Naval uprising, Indian National Army; role of women in freedom struggle.

* Socio- economic dimensions of the nationalist movement: The communal question and the demand for partition; backward caste movements, Trade union and Peasant movements, Civil rights movement.

* Landmarks in Constitutional Development during British Rule: Morley-Minto Reforms; Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms; Simon Commission; Government of India Act, 1935; Cripps Mission : Indian Independence Act, 1947.

* Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: The Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles; federalism, parliamentary system; amending procedures; judicial review.

* The Executive System in theory and practice: President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Governor, Chief Minister and the State Council of Ministers. The Bureaucracy.

* Role and function of the Parliament and Parlimentary Committee-Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha; changing socio economic profile.

* The Supreme Court and the High Courts; Judicial Activism; PIL.

* Statutory institutions/commis sions-UPSC, Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Backward Classes Commission, National Commission for women; National Human Rights Commission; Minorities Commission.

* Party system : ideology and social base of parties; fragmentation and regionalisation. Pressure groups; patterns of coalition politics; trends in electoral behaviour.

* Class, caste, ethnicity and gender in Indian politics; politics of regionalism, communalism, backward class and Dalit movements, Tribal people movements, struggle for gender justice.

* Planning and Economic Development : Role of the Planning Commission; Planning in the era of liberalisation; political dimensions of economic reforms.

* Grassroots democracy : Panchayati Raj and municipal government; significance of 73rd and 74th Amendements. Grass root movement and women's empowerment.


Paper - II (Comparative Politics and International Relations)

Section-A (Comparative Analysis and International Politics)

* Approaches to the study of comparative politics : traditional approaches; political economy, political sociology or political system approaches; Nature of political process in the Third World.

* The Modern State : Evolution, the contemporary trends in the advanced industrial countries and the third world.

* Development : Strategies and contemporary discourse.

* Concepts of International politics : Power, national interest, balance of power, national security, collective security and peace.

* Theories of International politics Marxist, Realist, Systems, Decision-making and Game Theory.

* Determinants of foreign policy : Domestic compulsions, geopolitics, geoeconomics and global order.

* Origin and contemporary relevance of the Cold War, nature of the post-cold war global order.

* Major issues of world politics : Cuban Missile Crisis; Vietnam War, Oil Crisis, Afghan Civil War, Gulf War, Collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslav Crisis.

* Non-alignment : Concept and movement; Third World Movements for global justice, Non-alignment in the post cold war era.

* The evolution of the international economic system-from Bretton woods to WTO, the North-South dimension.

* International organisations UN and its specialized agencies : International Court of Justice; ILO, UNICEF, WHO UNESCO.

* Regional, organizations such as the ASEAN, APEC, EU, SAARC, NAFTA

* Contemporary Global Concerns : Democracy, Human Rights, Ecology, Gender Justice, Global commons, Communication.

Section-B (India and the World)

* Indian Foreign Policy : Historical origins, determinants; the institutions of policy-making; continuity and change.

* India and the Non-Alignment Movement : Evolution and contemporary relevance. Socio- political basis of non-alignment-domestic and global.

* Major issues in Indian foreign policy : Sino-Indian Border War (1962); Indo-Pakistan War (1971) and the liberation of Bangladesh; IPKF in Sri Lanka; India as military nuclear power (1998).

* Conflict and co-operation in South Asia : India's relations with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal. Regional co-operation and SAARC. Kashmir question in India's foreign policy.

* India's relation with Africa and Latin America.

* India and South East Asia; ASEAN.

* India and the major powers : USA, EU, China, Japan and Russia.

* India and the UN System : India's role in UN Peace Keeping and global disarmament.

* India and the emerging international economic order; multilateral agencies-WTO, IMF, IBRD, ADB.

* India and the question of nuclear weapons : NPT and CTBT.

Physics

Examination Syllabus - Physics

1. Mechanics and Waves

Dimensional analysis. Newton's laws of motion and
applications, variable mass systems, projectiles.
Rotational dynamics-kinetic energy, angular momentum,
theorems of moment of intertia and calculations in
simple cases. Conservative forces, frictional forces.
Gravitaional potential and intensity due to spherical
objects. Central forces, Kepler's problem, escape
velocity and artificial satellites (including GPS).
Streamline motion, viscosity, Poiseuille's equation.
Applications of Bernoulli's equation and Stokes' law.

Special relativity and Lorentz transformation-length
contraction, time dilation, mass-energy relation.

Simple harmonic motion, Lissajous figures. Damped
oscillation, forced oscillation and resonance.
Beats, Phase and group velocities. Stationary waves,
vibration of strings and air columns, longitudinal
waves in solids. Doppler effect. Ultrasonics and
applications.

2. Geometrical and Physical Optics.

Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat's
principle. Matrix method in paraxial optics- thin
lens formula, nodal planes, system of two thin
lenses. Chromatic and spherical aberrations. Simple
optical instruments-magnifier, eyepieces,
telescopes and microscopes.

Huygens' principle-reflection and refraction of waves.
Interference of light-Young's experiment, Newton's rings,
interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer.
Fraunhofer diffraction-single slit, double slit,
diffraction grating, resolving power. Fresnel
diffraction-half-period zones and zone plate.
Production and detection of linearly, circularly and
elliptically polarised light. Double refraction,
quarter-waves plates and half-wave plates. Polarizing
sheets. Optical activity and applications.
Rayleigh scattering and applications.

Elements of fibre optics-attenuation; pulse
dispersion in step index and parabolic index fibres;
material dispersion. Lasers, characteristics of laser
light-spatial and temporal coherence. Focussing of
laser beams and applciations.

3. Heat and Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and temperature. The zeroth law of
thermodynamics. Heat and the first law of thermodynamics.
Efficiency of Carnot engines. Entropy and the second
law of thermodynamics. Kinetic theory and the equation
of state of an ideal gas. Mean free path, distribution
of molecular speeds and energies. Trasport phenomena.
Andrew's experiements-van der Waals equation and
applications. Joule-Kelvin effect and applications.
Brownian motion. Thermodynamic potentials-Maxwell
relations. Phase transitions. Kirchhoff's laws. Black-body
radiation-Stefan-Boltzmann law, spectral radiancy,
Wien displacement law, application to the cosmic
microwave background radiation, Planck radiation law.

4. Electricity and Magnetism

Electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric field, Gauss' law.
Electric potential, van de Graff accelerator. Capacitors,
dielectrics and polarization. Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's first
and second rules, resistors in series and parallel,
applications to two-loop circuits. Magnietic
field-Gauss'law for magnetism, atomic and nuclear
magnetism, magnetic susceptibility, classification of
magnetic materials. Cirulating charges, cyclotron,
synchrotron. Hall effect. Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law,
Faraday's law of induction., Lenz's law. Inductance.
Alternating current circuits-RC, LR, single-loop
LRC circuits, impedance, resonance, power in AC circuits.
Displacement current, Maxwell's equations (MKS units),
electromagnetic waves, energy transport and Poynting vector.

5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Photoelectric effect, Einstein's photon theory.
Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom. Stern-Gerlach experiment,
quantisation of angular momentum, electron spin.
Pauli exclusion principle and applications. Zeeman effect.
X-ray spectrum, Bragg's law, Bohr's theory of the Mosley plot.
Compton effect, Compton wavelength. Wave nature of matter,
de Broglie wavelength, wave-particle duality. Heisenberg's
uncertainty relationships. Schroedinger's equation-eigenvalues
and eigenfunctions of (i) particle in a box, (ii) simple harmonic
oscillator and (iii) hydrogen atom. Potential step and barrier
penetration. Natural and artificial radioactivity. Binding energy
of nuclei, nuclear fission and fusion. Classification of
elementary particles and their interactions.

6. Electronics

Diodes in half-waves and full-wave rectification, qualitative
ideas of semiconductors, p type and n type semiconductors,
junction diode, Zener diode, transistors, binary numbers,
Logic gates and truth tables, Elements of microprocessors and
computers.




Main Examination Syllabus - Physics

Paper-I

Section-A

1. Classical Mechanics

1. Particle dynamics

Centre of mass and laboratory coordinates, conservation
of linear and angular momentum. The rocket equation.
Rutherford scattering, Galilean transformation, intertial
and non-inertial frames, rotating frames, centrifugal
and Coriolis forces, Foucault pendulum.

2. System of particles

Constraints, degrees of freedom, generalised coordinates
and momenta. Lagrange's equation and applications to
linear harmonic oscillator, simple pendulum and central
force problems. Cyclic coordinates, Hamilitonian
Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle.

3. Rigid body dynamics

Eulerian angles, inertia tensor, principal moments of
inertia. Euler's equation of motion of a rigid body,
force-free motion of a rigid body. Gyroscope.

2. Special Relativity, Waves & Geometrical Optics

1. Special Relativity

Michelson-Morley experiment and its implications. Lorentz
transformations-length contraction, time dilation, addition
of velocities, aberration and Doppler effect, mass-energy
relation, simple applications to a decay process. Minkowski
diagram, four dimensional momentum vector. Covariance of
equations of physics.

2. Waves

Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forced oscillation
and resonance. Beats. Stationary waves in a string. Pulses
and wave packets. Phase and group velocities. Reflection
and Refraction from Huygens' principle.

3. Geometrical Optics

Laws of relfection and refraction from Fermat's principle.
Matrix method in paraxial optic-thin lens formula,
nodal planes, system of two thin lenses, chromatic
and spherical aberrations.

3. Physical Optics

1. Interference

Interference of light-Young's experiment, Newton's rings,
interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer.
Multiple beam interference and Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Holography and simple applications.

2. Diffraction

Fraunhofer diffraction-single slit, double slit, diffraction
grating, resolving power. Fresnel diffraction: - half-period
zones and zones plates. Fresnel integrals. Application of
Cornu's spiral to the analysis of diffraction at a straight
edge and by a long narrow slit. Diffraction by a circular
aperture and the Airy pattern.

3. Polarisation and Modern Optics

Production and detection of linearly and circularly
polarised light. Double refraction, quarter wave plate.
Optical activity. Principles of fibre optics attenuation;
pulse dispersion in step index and parabolic index fibres;
material dispersion, single mode fibres. Lasers-Einstein
A and B coefficients. Ruby and He-Ne lasers.
Characteristics of laser light-spatial and temporal coherence.
Focussing of laser beams. Three-level scheme for laser operation.

Section-B

1. Electricity and Magnetism

1. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics

Laplace ad Poisson equations in electrostatics and their
applications. Energy of a system of charges, multipole
expansion of scalar potential. Method of images and its
applications. Potential and field due to a dipole, force
and torque on a dipole in an external field. Dielectrics,
polarisation. Solutions to bounary-value problems-conducting
and dielectric spheres in a uniform electric field. Magentic
shell, uniformly magnetised sphere. Ferromagnetic materials,
hysteresis, energy loss.

2. Current Electricity

Kirchhoff's laws and their applications. Biot-Savart law,
Ampere's law, Faraday's law, Lenz' law. Self-and mutual-inductances.
Mean and rms values in AC circuits. LR CR and LCR
circuits- series and parallel resonance. Quality factor.
Principal of transformer.

2. Electromagnetic Theory & Black Body Radiation

1. Electromagnetic Theory

Displacement current and Maxwell's equatons. Wave
equations in vacuum, Poynting theorem. Vector and
scalar potentials. Gauge invariance, Lorentz and
Coulomb gauges. Electromagnetic field tensor, covariance
of Maxwell's equations. Wave equations in isotropic
dielectrics, reflection and refraction at the boundary
of two dielectrics. Fresnel's relations. Normal and
anomalous dispersion. Rayleigh scattering.

2. Blackbody radiation

Balckbody radiation ad Planck radiation law- Stefan-Boltzmann
law, Wien displacement law and Rayleigh-Jeans law. Planck mass,
Planck length, Planck time,. Planck temperature and Planck energy.

3. Thermal and Statistical Physics

1. Thremodynamics

Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes,
entropy. Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes
and entropy change. Otto and Diesel engines, Gibbs' phase
rule and chemical potential. van der Waals equation of state
of a real gas, critical constants. Maxwell-Boltzman distribution
of molecular velocities, transport phenomena, equipartition
and virial theorems. Dulong-Petit, Einstein, and Debye's
theories of specific heat of solids. Maxwell lllrelations
and applications. Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Adiabatic
demagnetisation, Joule-Kelvin effect and liquefaction of gases.

2. Statistical Physics

Saha ionization formula. Bose-Einstein condenssation.
Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Fermi gas, Chandrasekhar
limit, elementary ideas about neutron stars and pulsars.
Brownian motion as a random walk, diffusion process.
Concept of negative temperatures.

Paper-II

Section-A

1. Quantum Mechanics I

Wave-particle dualitiy. Schroedinger equation and expectation
values. Uncertainty principle. Solutions of the one-dimensional
Schroedinger equation free particle (Gaussian wave-packet),
particle in a box, particle in a finite well, linear harmonic
oscillator. Reflection and transmission by a potential step
and by a rectangular barrier. Use of WKB formula for the
life-time calcuation in the alpha-decay problem.

2. Quantum Mechanics II & Atomic Physics

1. Quantum Mechanics II

Particle in a three dimensional box, density of states, free
electron theory of metals. The angular meomentum problem. The
hydrogen atom. The spin half problem and properties of Pauli
spin matrices.

2. Atomic Physics

Stern-Gerlack experiment, electron spin, fine structure of
hydrogen atom. L-S coupling, J-J coupling. Spectroscopic
notation of atomic states. Zeeman effect. Frank-Condon
principle and applications.

3. Molecular Physics

Elementary theory of rotational, vibratonal and electronic
spectra of diatomic molecules. Raman effect and molecular
structure. Laser Raman spectroscopy Importance of neutral
hydrogen atom, molecular hydrogen and molecular hydrogen
ion in astronomy Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.
Elementary theory and applications of NMR. Elementary
ideas about Lamb shift and its significance.

Section-B

1. Nuclear Physics

Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular
momentum, parity, magnetic moment. Semi-empirical mass
formula and applications. Mass parabolas. Ground state of
a deuteron magnetic moment and non-central forces. Meson
theory of nuclear forces. Salient features of nuclear forces.
Shell model of the nucleus-success and limitations.
Violation of parity in beta decay. Gamma decay and
internal conversion. Elementary ideas about Mossbauer
spectroscopy. Q-value of nuclear reactions. Nuclear
fission and fusion, energy production in stars. Nuclear reactors.

2. Particle Physics & Solid State Physics

1. Particle Physics

Classification of elementary particles and their interactions.
Conservation laws. Quark structure of hadrons. Field quanta of
electroweak and strong interactions. Elementary ideas about
Unification of Forces. Physics of neutrinos.

2. Solid State Physics

Cubic crystal structure. Band theory of solids- conductors,
insulators and semiconductors. Elements of superconductivity,
Meissner effect, Josephson junctions and applications.
Elementary ideas about high temperature superconductivity.

3. Electronics

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors-p-n-p and n-p-n transistors.
Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps. FET, JFET and MOSFET.
Digital electronics-Boolean identities, De; Morgan's laws,
Logic gates and truth tables., Simple logic circuits.
Thermistors, solar cells. Fundamentals of
microprocessors and digital computers.